Which aspect is NOT typically included in action research?

Action research is a participatory and iterative approach aimed at producing practical solutions to real-world problems while simultaneously contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular field. The process generally includes several key aspects: planning an intervention, implementing changes, and reflecting on the outcomes.

Planning an intervention involves identifying a specific issue or area for improvement, developing strategies to address it, and laying the groundwork for implementation. Implementing changes follows this planning phase, where the devised interventions are put into action within the context being studied. Finally, reflecting on the outcomes allows researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and to identify lessons learned, which can lead to further refinements or new questions.

Conducting a literature review, while a crucial part of many research methodologies, is not typically characterized as part of the action research process itself. Instead, action research is more focused on implementing practical changes and assessing their impact rather than extensively reviewing existing research literature prior to the intervention. Thus, conducting a literature review is an aspect that stands apart from the fundamental processes of action research.