Which of the following is an integral part of action research?

In the context of action research, reflection on action taken is a crucial component. Action research is characterized by a cyclical process involving planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. This reflection allows researchers and practitioners to assess the effectiveness of their actions, understand the context better, and make informed decisions for future actions. It encourages continuous improvement and adaptation, which is essential in practical settings where immediate feedback can lead to meaningful change.

While theory development can be part of action research, it is not a fundamental requirement of the approach. Statistical analysis, while useful, is not the sole focus of action research; rather, it often emphasizes qualitative insights and participatory approaches. Sole reliance on external data would contradict the action research philosophy, as it prioritizes the involvement of practitioners and stakeholders in the data collection and reflection process, focusing on the unique context being studied.